Temperature control, internal perfusion, loss of test article, solution exchange, cost etc What occurs in voltage clamp? Voltage is controlled by the experimenter, and the current passing through the patch pipette to maintain that voltage is monitored, reflecting the transmembrane current pipette tip is _ small, 1-3um patch clamps record _ small membrane sections, single ion channels' currents what is the recording electrode? the micropipette what is the ground electrode? in bath around cell why not use traditional pipettes? Would puncture the cell the "patch" is: the small membrane section tight seal patch pipette recordings can record _ and _ voltage, whole cell membranes(not just patch) vOLTAGE CLAMPING PREVENTS: VGIC from opening, so a specific channel type can be studied cell attached patch attached to exterior (little cell disturbance), intracellular function is normal, For LGICs, with cell attached, the neurotransmitter is _, so: in pipette solution, concentration can't be changed (only one drug/response point measured For VGICs with cell attached: clamped at varying membrane potentials, whole i/v curve from one patch (unlike with LGICs). What is the disadvantage of automated systems? Success rate is very dependent of cell suspension quality, limiting the usable cell types.
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